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The Northcote–Trevelyan Report was a document prepared by Stafford H. Northcote (later to be Chancellor of the Exchequer) and C.E. Trevelyan (then permanent secretary at the Treasury). Published in February 1854, the report catalysed the development of Her Majesty's Civil Service in the United Kingdom. ==Origins and influences== The principles of the system proposed by Northcote–Trevelyan can be traced to earlier reforms in the Indian Civil Service〔O'Toole, p. 48〕 (ICS).Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, Secretary to the Board of Control, was instrumental in the passing of the Saint Helena Act 1833 which removed the East India Company's trade functions, and established is as an entirely administrative body. He was responsible for establishing the principle of 'appointment by generalist competitive examination' into government positions.〔O'Toole, p. 50〕 (Although, as with the Northcote–Trevelyan report subsequently, although Macaulay's intentions were clear, and incorporated into the Act, implementation of those intentions did not immediately follow; it was not until the 1853 that appointment by nomination rather than competition was made universal in the ICS.)〔O'Toole, p. 51〕 Trevelyan had been a member of the Indian civil service, having been trained at its college at East India Company College near Hertford. He regarded Macaulay highly, and was also married to one of Macaulay's sisters.〔O'Toole, p. 51〕 Northcote was also influenced by the example of the Indian civil service. He was a friend of William Ewart Gladstone, at that time chancellor of the exchequer and also of Benjamin Jowett, a theologian and tutor at Balliol College, Oxford. Jowett had been one of the commissioners involved in the earlier reform of the ICS, and subsequently wrote a letter which acted as a cover note to the Northcote-Trevelyan report. In the years leading up to 1854, there were at least 11 other reports into the structure and functions of individual government departments〔O'Toole, p. 52〕 Because these were mainly motivated by the need for 'economy' rather than the improvement of effectiveness, they had Her Majesty's Treasury involvement, and so Trevelyan, as 'assistant secretary' to the Treasury from 1840, (a role now known as permanent secretary) had taken part in many of them. By 1848, he had become convinced of the need for reform across government rather than merely in individual departments,.〔Pilkington, p. 18〕 Although he had not been successful in instituting the kind of reforms for which he would later argue in the Northcote–Trevelyan report, his reviews into the Home Office, Foreign Office, Colonial Office, and the Irish Office had led him to draw two of the conclusions that would untimately have prominence in Northcote–Trevelyan; that work should be divided into mechanical and intellectual types, and that recruitment and selection should be based solely on merit.〔Pilkington, p. 18〕 The appointment of a reform-minded Gladstone as chancellor in 1852, created greater pressure for civil service reform.〔Pilkinton, p. 19〕 A report into the Board of Trade recommended that ‘the whole subject of the examination of candidates for public employment is well worthy of consideration, and that it would be of great advantage if a proper system was devised, and a central board of properly qualified examiners employed.'〔O'Toole, p 53〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northcote–Trevelyan Report」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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